In this work, we have analyzed bacterial samples from a reference strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens using both techniques. However, recent developments in XPS allow for analysis of biological samples at near ambient pressure (NAP-XPS) or as frozen hydrated specimens (cryo-XPS) in vacuum. A limitation of these studies has been that the freeze-drying method may collapse cell structure as well as introduce surface contaminants. XPS-analyses of bacteria have been performed for several decades on freeze-dried specimens in order to be compatible with the vacuum in the analysis chamber of the spectrometer. One of these tools is Al Kα-excited photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with its estimated information depth of <10 nm. Thus, techniques that may shed light on their surface chemistry are attractive tools for providing an understanding of bacterial interactions. 3SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Berlin, Germanyīacteria generally interact with the environment via processes involving their cell-envelope. 2Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.1Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany.Marit Kjærvik 1 † Madeleine Ramstedt 2* † Karin Schwibbert 1 Paul M.
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